The article considers the relevance to study social representations of teachers about the subjects of the educational process in terms of reforming the school system. The reforms of the Russian school education affect the presentation of the main participants - students and teachers. The description is given to the results of an empirical study aimed at investigating the social representations of Altai secondary school teachers about teachers and pupils. The authors outline the characteristics including social representations of real and ideal subjects of the educational process (students and teachers); analyze the content structure of social representations of teachers and students; conduct a comparative analysis of teachers’ perceptions of the real and the ideal student, as well as the real and the ideal teacher. Thus, based on the empirical research, the conclusion is made that social representations of teachers reflect their attitude to social events and have a regulating and guiding effect on their behavior.