The article deals with the ontological ideas of the founder of Slavophilism A.S. Khomyakov. In particular, it reveals his views on the basic principles of the universe, the correlation of the "spirit" and the "matter". In Slavophil philosophy antithesis "spiritual - material" turns into antithesis "freedom - necessity", and development of the concept "freedom" leads the thinker to the problem of power and to the identification of the philosophical foundations of politics in different nations.

Key words: ontology, Russian philosophy, Slavophilism, consciousness, power, freedom.