The article is devoted to the scientifically and politically important issue dealing with the problem of suppression of national movement of indigenous peoples in Xinjiang in the first half of the 1930‑s of the 20th century, implemented by Chinese authorities. Protests of the peoples of the province professing Islam caused economic plunder, humiliating attitude of the authorities to their culture, traditions, customs and beliefs. The Soviet leadership provided the regional administration with active and comprehensive assistance in defeating the insurgency. On the basis of the sources identified in the central archives of Russia, the author makes the conclusion that the home-policy factors played a significant role in forcing Moscow to make the decision to provide Chinese national movement with aid in suppression of the rebels. In particular, one of the reasons was a difficult socio-economic situation in the border areas of the Soviet Central Asian Republics, which resulted from the collectivization campaign and led to the mass emigration of the native population to the neighboring Chinese territory. In addition, Basmachis, who had been fighting against the Soviet regime, left for Xinjiang and joined the insurgency troops.