The article contains the results of the analysis of phytoliths of wild and cultivated species of the genus Setaria in the south of Western Siberia. The identified diagnostic features allow us to distinguish phytoliths of wild and cultivated species within the same genus. S. glauca and S. italica were the closest in phytoliths composition. It is revealed that in general the larger phytoliths are peculiar to wild-species of S. glauca. The information can be used in the reconstruction of the natural and cultural vegetation.