Using numerous archival materials the author analyzed problems and ways of their decision which have arisen before the Soviet administrative bodies, the Society of Aircraft Assistance of Chemical Protection ("Osoaviahim") and the Red Cross in order to train thousands civil guardsmen and form fighting divisions of the people#s volunteers corps on the territory of Kursk Region. Objective conclusions are drawn and concrete examples why the task to form truly efficient military forces has not been reached completely are considered.