Are shown its evolutionary stages during which search of the most effective and optimum forms of the organization of service activity from the moment of origin sanitary - epidemiological affair in pre-revolutionary Russia (within Property medicine) was carried out and creations of the first Soviet sanitary-epidemiological establishments in 1922 before last administrative reform (2004) according to which was the Federal service on supervision in sphere of protection of rights of consumers and well-being of the person is generated; medical - preventive affair the rating of the importance contains in scales of the country; primary goals Sanitary - epidemiological service and its scientific institutes on the near future are marked.