The author of this article considers the policy of the Soviet Union in the sphere guarding of the maternity and childhood in the second part of the 1940s till 1960s on basis of the definite historical materials in the Republic of Tatarstan. There were revealed the principal moments of the realization of the Decree of the Presidium oh the Supreme Soviet in the USSR from the July 8th of 1944; the problems in the sphere of obstetrics and gynecology, the reasons of the maternity and children#s death; the providence by the pre-school children#s institutions, struggling with children#s homelessness, the status of children in the orphanages after the war period. The forms and the methods of the party organs and organizations during the accomplishment of this policy were researched and also were shown the faults, admitted by the government of the Republic in this sphere.