In the article we analyze the period of study of history of discovering and exploration of the Mesolithic monuments of the early Golocene epoch in the Altai Territory. The main directions of investigation of this period of the region#s history, the existent hypotheses and reconstructions, the problems of terminology and interpretation of archaeological materials are described in the article. The directions of further investigation of the Mesolithic are given. These are investigation of adaptation of the Mesolithic appropriating economy to different natural and climatic changes, detection of regional peculiarities of this process.