The article unites the materials and the theoretical evidence of research workers of the Altai State University, first of all of representatives of the archaeology, ethnography and source study department, since 1973 up to date. The research made it possible to detect and map hundreds of sites, localities, workshops and stone quarries of different periods of the Palaeolith. During the past period of time schemes of periodization of the monuments mentioned, methods and methodology of reconstruction of cultural and economic processes were worked out. Many scientific ideas and discoveries were published as articles and monographies. The work made gives the basis for deepening and broadening of knowledge about early periods of exploration of the Rudnyi Altai and its natural resources by the man.