In the article the attempt of the analysis of the fundamental basis of Russian historical mentality in an atmosphere of the methodological installations of M. Heidegger and G. Gadamer. The writers of the article conclude principled productivity of frames of preliminary comprehension considered usually as interferences of knowledge. The problem of comprehension of a history consists not in tendency to objectivity and accuracy in submission of the information, but in increase of a factor of personal participation of the scientist and in an exact going into of boundary "of a hermeneutic circle".